Qué partidos políticos españoles han sido condenados por corrupción desde 1978?

The statement asks which Spanish political parties have been condemned for corruption since 1978. Based on the provided sources, there is substantial evidence indicating that at least one major political party, the People's Party (PP), has been condemned as a legal entity for corruption. In the Gürtel case, Spain's highest criminal court, the Audiencia Nacional, found the ruling People's Party guilty of fraud, money laundering, and illegal kickbacks on May 24, 2018 . The ruling stated that the People's Party had participated in a kickback scheme since 1989 . This scheme involved Correa's companies obtaining privileges and inflating prices of public contracts, with the extra money being shared with PP politicians and officials, and some funds channeled into PP election campaigns and undeclared wages for PP officials . The court specifically decreed that the scheme "produced quantifiable economic benefits for the Popular Party, consisting in the illegal financing of political activities and different events organized for their candidates during electoral and pre-electoral campaigns" . The PP was ordered to pay a fine of €240,000 because it profited from the scheme . This conviction in the Gürtel case led to significant political consequences, including the ousting of Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy by a vote of no confidence on June 1, 2018 . Furthermore, the PP has faced other legal blows, notably in connection with the "Bárcenas Papers" case. On Thursday, Spain's High Court, the Audiencia Nacional, found that the PP used over €1 million in undeclared funds for renovation work at their Madrid headquarters. While penalties were lower than in other trials, this was the third ruling to credit the Bárcenas Papers as proof of the PP running parallel accounts with undeclared donations . The court noted that "during the period when Bárcenas held the posts of chief administrator and treasurer, he handled the cash funds given to the Popular Party political group as private donations through a parallel accounting system (B accounting) whose deposits and withdrawals were not reflected in the official accounts" . The Supreme Court in 2020 and the High Court in 2018 also found sufficient evidence that the PP kept off-book accounts and had "a financing system outside the legal economic circuit" between 1990 and 2008 . The common types of corruption for which Spanish political figures or parties have been condemned include bribery, money laundering, tax evasion, illegal party funding, kickbacks for public contracts, and embezzlement . The legal framework in Spain, specifically the Spanish Criminal Code (Código Penal or SCC), regulates various corruption offenses, including illegal funding for political parties (Article 304 SCC), which criminalizes receiving or delivering illicit donations . The SCC also outlines criminal liability for legal entities for offenses committed on their behalf or for their benefit, including bribery of public officials, improper influence, misappropriation of public funds, and bribery in international transactions . However, when examining other major parties, the situation is presented differently. While the Socialist Party (PSOE) has been embroiled in significant corruption scandals, the sources do not explicitly state that the PSOE as a legal entity has been "condemned" for corruption in the same manner as the PP was in the Gürtel case. For instance, the "Koldo case" involves allegations of illegal commissions, offshore accounts, and kickbacks for public contracts, implicating individuals around the ex-Minister of Transport of the Sanchez administration . This case has generated headlines and shows €130 million in offshore accounts, €54 million in opaque contracts, and tens of millions in political favors . The Koldo case is described as the "tip of the iceberg" of a widespread way of acting by a government that has institutionalized political corruption, with ramifications reaching three ministers and links to the president's wife . Another significant case involving the Socialist Party is the "ERE case" in Andalusia, which is described as the "biggest corruption case in the history of democracy" involving the embezzlement of over €600 million . In this case, the regional government of Andalusia (PSOE) provided grants for severance packages and subsidized early retirement pensions, with allegations of irregular payments and a slush fund . While these cases highlight significant corruption within the PSOE and its officials, the provided texts do not explicitly state a court condemnation of the PSOE as a political party entity. The Spanish Criminal Code allows for legal entities to be held criminally liable for specific crimes , and the "illegal funding for political parties" (Article 304 SCC) is a criminal offense . However, the detailed descriptions of the PSOE-related scandals primarily focus on the indictment and conviction of individual members and officials, rather than the party itself being found guilty as a legal entity, unlike the PP's conviction in the Gürtel case. For example, in the ERE case, individuals were arrested and detained, and the president of the Andalusian regional government resigned . The sources mention that the Popular Party has filed a lawsuit against PSOE in the National Court for alleged illegal financing related to the "Koldo case" , but this is an ongoing legal action, not a condemnation. In conclusion, based on the provided evidence, the People's Party (PP) has been directly condemned as a legal entity for corruption by Spain's highest criminal court in the Gürtel case, for illegal financing and benefiting from kickbacks . This was further corroborated by subsequent rulings regarding the Bárcenas Papers, which validated the existence of parallel accounts within the PP . For the Socialist Party (PSOE), while there are numerous and extensive allegations of corruption involving high-ranking officials and significant amounts of embezzled funds (such as the ERE case and the ongoing Koldo case) , the provided texts do not explicitly state that the PSOE as a legal entity has been condemned by a court for corruption. The information primarily details the involvement and condemnation of individual members and the party's alleged engagement in corrupt practices. Therefore, the statement that "Qué partidos políticos españoles han sido condenados por corrupción desde 1978?" can be answered with certainty for the People's Party based on the provided sources, but not explicitly for other parties as legal entities. Decision: The statement is True for the People's Party (PP), and Undetermined for other political parties as legal entities based on the provided information, as specific court condemnations of them as entities are not explicitly mentioned, only widespread corruption involving their members.